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1 net reproduction ratio (rate)
нетто-коэффициент воспроизводства (среднее число рождённых одной женщиной за весь период её плодовитости девочек, доживших до возраста матери, в котором она была при их рождении, т. е. с учётом смертности девочек)Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > net reproduction ratio (rate)
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2 net reproduction ratio (rate)
нетто-коэффициент воспроизводства (среднее число рождённых одной женщиной за весь период её плодовитости девочек, доживших до возраста матери, в котором она была при их рождении, т. е. с учётом смертности девочек)Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > net reproduction ratio (rate)
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3 коэффициент размножения
Русско-английский экологический словарь > коэффициент размножения
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4 чистый коэффициент воспроизводства населения
чистый коэффициент воспроизводства населения
Число детей женского пола в населении, разделенное на число взрослых женщин в предыдущем поколении. Полученная таким образом цифра является хорошим ориентиром будущих тенденций численности населения, которая будет возрастать, если указанное соотношение превышает единицу.
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]Тематики
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > чистый коэффициент воспроизводства населения
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5 المعدل الصافي للإنجاب
net reproduction rate -
6 коэффициент размножения
1) Biology: net reproduction, net reproduction (отношение плотности популяции данного поколения к таковой предыдущего поколения в той же фазе развития)2) Engineering: K-factor, fission factor, multiplication constant (нейтронов), reproduction constant3) Physics: multiplication factor4) Atomic energy: breeding ratio5) Metrology: multiplication factor (нейтронов)6) Ecology: increase ratio, rate of reproduction7) Nuclear physics: K-value8) Makarov: fission coefficient, growth coefficient (бактерий, дрожжей), multiplication coefficient, reproduction factorУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > коэффициент размножения
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7 коэффициент размножения
1. multiplication factor2. net reproduction -
8 коэффициент Кучинского
Economy: net reproduction rateУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > коэффициент Кучинского
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9 чистый коэффициент воспроизводства населения
Economy: net reproduction rateУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > чистый коэффициент воспроизводства населения
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10 коэффициент размножения
(отношение плотности популяции данного поколения к таковой предыдущего поколения в той же фазе развития)Русско-английский биологический словарь > коэффициент размножения
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11 beneficio
m.1 benefit (bien).a beneficio de in aid of (gala, concierto)en beneficio de for the good ofen beneficio de todos in everyone's interesten beneficio propio for one's own goodPara su bien For his sake.2 profit (ganancia).beneficio bruto/neto gross/net profitpres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: beneficiar.* * *1 (ganancia) profit2 (bien) benefit\en beneficio de for the good of, for the benefit of, in the interest ofa beneficio de in aid ofsacar beneficio de to profit frombeneficio bruto gross profitbeneficio neto clear profit* * *noun m.1) benefit2) gain, profit* * *SM1) (=ventaja) benefitlos manipulan para su beneficio — they manipulate them to their own advantage o for their own benefit
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a beneficio de algn — in aid of sb•
en beneficio de algn, aprovechó las cualidades literarias de su mujer en beneficio propio — he exploited his wife's literary talent to his own advantage o for his own benefitestaría dispuesto a retirarse en beneficio de otro aspirante — he would be prepared to withdraw in favour of another candidate
oficio 1)en o por tu propio beneficio, es mejor que no vengas — for your own good o benefit o in your own interests, it's best if you don't come
2) (Com, Econ) profitobtuvieron 1.500 millones de beneficio el año pasado — they made a profit of 1,500 million last year
beneficio de explotación — operating profit, trading profit
beneficio líquido — [en un balance] net profit; [en una transacción] net profit, clear profit
beneficio neto — = beneficio líquido
beneficio operativo — operating profit, trading profit
beneficios antes de impuestos — pre-tax profits, profits before tax
margen 1., 4)beneficios postimpositivos — after-tax profits, profits after tax
3) (=función benéfica) benefit (performance)4) (=donación) donation5) (Rel) living, benefice6) (Min) [de mina] exploitation, working; [de mineral] (=extracción) extraction; (=tratamiento) processing, treatment8) CAm [de café] coffee processing plant* * *1)a) (Com, Fin) profitproducir or reportar beneficios — to yeild o bring returns o profits
b) (ventaja, bien) benefit2)a) (AmL) ( de animal) dressingb) (AmC) (Agr) coffee processing plantc) (Chi) ( de mineral) extraction* * *= benefit, gain, profit, plus [pluses, -pl.], dividend, payback, payoff [pay-off], perk, mileage.Ex. The examples that follow will give you a glimpse of the important features and benefits of the SCI CD Edition.Ex. This is likely to lead to shorter and less complex profiles for searches, and the gains will be most obvious in a natural language system.Ex. As the quantity increased the printer's capital investment, which was always alarmingly high, rose with it, and his profit as a percentage of investment fell.Ex. Whether these differences are pluses or minuses depends very much on a library's needs and expectations.Ex. The article has the title ' Dividends: the value of public libraries in Canada'.Ex. In the 1980s the illegal reproduction and distribution of information was a tedious process that generally produced poor payback.Ex. Although setting up a security policy may demand considerable upheaval, it has significant payoff in safety and efficiency.Ex. At almost every conference I've spoken at one of the perks is free conference registration.Ex. Reports produced by government-sponsored projects may not be widely distributed until the government has had good mileage from them = Los informes obtenidos de los proyectos patrocinados por el gobierno puede que no se distribuyan de forma general hasta que el gobierno les haya sacado un buen provecho.----* análisis de costes-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* análisis de costos-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* aportar beneficios = lead to + benefits, bring + benefits.* beneficio añadido = added benefit.* beneficio de bolsa = share dividend.* beneficio directo = direct benefit.* beneficio económico = economic benefit, financial benefit, economic return.* beneficio extra = bonus [bonuses, -pl.].* beneficio fiscal = tax benefit, fiscal benefit.* beneficio indirecto = spin-off, indirect benefit, spinoff benefit, spillover benefit.* beneficio marginal = marginal benefit.* beneficio material = material benefit.* beneficio mutuo = mutual benefit.* beneficio neto = net trading profit, net profit, net gain, net benefit.* beneficio para la salud = health benefit.* beneficio personal = personal gain.* beneficio positivo = positive return.* beneficio público = public interest.* beneficio recíproco = mutual benefit.* beneficios = return.* beneficios acumulados = accruing benefits.* beneficios brutos = gross benefits.* beneficios complementarios = fringe benefits.* beneficios de la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* beneficios del cargo, los = spoils of office, the.* beneficios en metálico = cash benefit.* beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* beneficios netos = net income.* beneficio social = societal benefit, social return, social benefit.* concierto a beneficio = benefit concert.* conseguir beneficio = accrue + benefit.* costes y beneficios = costs and benefits.* costos y beneficios = costs and benefits.* dar a Alguien el beneficio de la duda = give + Nombre + the benefit of the doubt.* de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.* el beneficio de la duda = the benefit of the doubt.* en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.* en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* en + Posesivo + propio beneficio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* escaparse de los beneficios de Internet = fall through + the net.* explotar beneficios = exploit + benefits.* margen de beneficio = markup rate, markup [mark-up], profit margin.* muchos beneficios = high return.* obtener beneficios = gain + benefit, make + a profit, realise + benefits, derive + benefit, reap + rewards, reap + benefits, reap + returns, make + profit.* obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.* para beneficio de = for the good of.* para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.* precio de coste más margen de beneficios = cost-plus pricing.* producir beneficios = reap + dividends, render + returns, achieve + returns, pay + dividends, return + dividends.* que busca el beneficio propio = self-serving.* reducir los beneficios = cut + profit.* relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relativo a la relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit.* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit.* reportar beneficio = provide + benefit.* reportar beneficios = have + benefits, bring + benefits.* riesgos-beneficios = risk-return.* ser de gran beneficio para = be of great benefit to.* ser un beneficio inesperado para = be a boon to.* tener beneficios = have + benefits.* * *1)a) (Com, Fin) profitproducir or reportar beneficios — to yeild o bring returns o profits
b) (ventaja, bien) benefit2)a) (AmL) ( de animal) dressingb) (AmC) (Agr) coffee processing plantc) (Chi) ( de mineral) extraction* * *= benefit, gain, profit, plus [pluses, -pl.], dividend, payback, payoff [pay-off], perk, mileage.Ex: The examples that follow will give you a glimpse of the important features and benefits of the SCI CD Edition.
Ex: This is likely to lead to shorter and less complex profiles for searches, and the gains will be most obvious in a natural language system.Ex: As the quantity increased the printer's capital investment, which was always alarmingly high, rose with it, and his profit as a percentage of investment fell.Ex: Whether these differences are pluses or minuses depends very much on a library's needs and expectations.Ex: The article has the title ' Dividends: the value of public libraries in Canada'.Ex: In the 1980s the illegal reproduction and distribution of information was a tedious process that generally produced poor payback.Ex: Although setting up a security policy may demand considerable upheaval, it has significant payoff in safety and efficiency.Ex: At almost every conference I've spoken at one of the perks is free conference registration.Ex: Reports produced by government-sponsored projects may not be widely distributed until the government has had good mileage from them = Los informes obtenidos de los proyectos patrocinados por el gobierno puede que no se distribuyan de forma general hasta que el gobierno les haya sacado un buen provecho.* análisis de costes-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* análisis de costos-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* aportar beneficios = lead to + benefits, bring + benefits.* beneficio añadido = added benefit.* beneficio de bolsa = share dividend.* beneficio directo = direct benefit.* beneficio económico = economic benefit, financial benefit, economic return.* beneficio extra = bonus [bonuses, -pl.].* beneficio fiscal = tax benefit, fiscal benefit.* beneficio indirecto = spin-off, indirect benefit, spinoff benefit, spillover benefit.* beneficio marginal = marginal benefit.* beneficio material = material benefit.* beneficio mutuo = mutual benefit.* beneficio neto = net trading profit, net profit, net gain, net benefit.* beneficio para la salud = health benefit.* beneficio personal = personal gain.* beneficio positivo = positive return.* beneficio público = public interest.* beneficio recíproco = mutual benefit.* beneficios = return.* beneficios acumulados = accruing benefits.* beneficios brutos = gross benefits.* beneficios complementarios = fringe benefits.* beneficios de la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* beneficios del cargo, los = spoils of office, the.* beneficios en metálico = cash benefit.* beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* beneficios netos = net income.* beneficio social = societal benefit, social return, social benefit.* concierto a beneficio = benefit concert.* conseguir beneficio = accrue + benefit.* costes y beneficios = costs and benefits.* costos y beneficios = costs and benefits.* dar a Alguien el beneficio de la duda = give + Nombre + the benefit of the doubt.* de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.* el beneficio de la duda = the benefit of the doubt.* en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.* en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* en + Posesivo + propio beneficio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* escaparse de los beneficios de Internet = fall through + the net.* explotar beneficios = exploit + benefits.* margen de beneficio = markup rate, markup [mark-up], profit margin.* muchos beneficios = high return.* obtener beneficios = gain + benefit, make + a profit, realise + benefits, derive + benefit, reap + rewards, reap + benefits, reap + returns, make + profit.* obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.* para beneficio de = for the good of.* para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.* precio de coste más margen de beneficios = cost-plus pricing.* producir beneficios = reap + dividends, render + returns, achieve + returns, pay + dividends, return + dividends.* que busca el beneficio propio = self-serving.* reducir los beneficios = cut + profit.* relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relativo a la relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit.* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit.* reportar beneficio = provide + benefit.* reportar beneficios = have + benefits, bring + benefits.* riesgos-beneficios = risk-return.* ser de gran beneficio para = be of great benefit to.* ser un beneficio inesperado para = be a boon to.* tener beneficios = have + benefits.* * *Aeste negocio produce grandes beneficios this business yields large profitsuna inversión que reportó importantes beneficios an investment that brought significant returns o profitsmargen de beneficio(s) profit margin2 (ventaja, bien) benefitno va a sacar gran beneficio del asunto he's not going to benefit much from this affairuna colecta a beneficio de las víctimas a collection in aid of the victimsen beneficio de todos in the interests of everyonetodo lo hace en beneficio propio everything he does is for his own gain o advantagetales mejoras redundarán en beneficio del público these improvements will benefit the public o will be in the public interest3 (función benéfica) charity performanceCompuestos:gross profitentitlement to legal aidfringe benefitnet profitnet profitearnings per share (pl)fringe benefitB ( AmL) (de un animal) dressingC ( Chi) (de un mineral) extraction* * *
Del verbo beneficiar: ( conjugate beneficiar)
beneficio es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
benefició es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
beneficiar
beneficio
beneficiar ( conjugate beneficiar) verbo transitivo ( favorecer) to benefit, to be of benefit to;
salir beneficiado con algo to be better off with sth
beneficiarse verbo pronominal
to benefit;
beneficiose con/de algo to benefit from sth
beneficio sustantivo masculinoa) (Com, Fin) profit;
producir or reportar beneficios to yield o bring returns o profits
en beneficio de todos in the interests of everyone
beneficiar verbo transitivo to benefit
beneficio sustantivo masculino
1 Com Fin profit
2 (provecho, ventaja) benefit
en beneficio de todos, in everyone's benefit
3 (ayuda) a beneficio de, in aid of: un partido de fútbol a beneficio de los huérfanos, a football match in aid of orphans
Profit o profits se refieren únicamente al beneficio económico.
Benefit hace referencia a otro tipo de beneficios y también a ciertas subvenciones de la Seguridad Social.
' beneficio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bota
- dar
- inventario
- menoscabar
- partida
- partido
- provecho
- redundar
- revertir
- sacar
- bien
- bonificación
- disfrutar
- margen
- mayor
- mutuo
- propio
- renta
- utilidad
- ventaja
English:
aid
- benefit
- blessing
- cancel out
- clear
- gain
- good
- interest
- mark-up
- perk
- profit
- return
- tidy
* * *beneficio nm1. [bien] benefit;a beneficio de [gala, concierto] in aid of;en beneficio de for the good of;ello redundó en beneficio nuestro it was to our advantage;en beneficio de todos in everyone's interest;en beneficio propio for one's own good;sólo buscan el beneficio propio they're only interested in what's in it for them2. [ganancia] profit;la tienda ya está dando beneficios the shop is already making a profitbeneficio bruto gross profit;beneficios antes de impuestos pre-tax profits;beneficio neto net profit4. Carib, Chile [de res] slaughter* * *m1 ( ventaja) benefit;en beneficio de in aid of2 COM profit2 Rplpara ganado slaughterhouse3 C.Am.coffee-processing plant* * *beneficio nm1) ganancia, provecho: gain, profit2) : benefit* * *1. (bien) benefit2. (ganancias) profitel beneficio neto fue de más de 9.000 millones de pesetas the net profit was over 9,000 million pesetasen beneficio de in the interests of / for the good ofen su propio beneficio in his own interests / for his own good -
12 deshonesto
adj.1 dishonest, backdoor, deceitful, lying.2 indecent, immodest, immoral, lewd.* * *► adjetivo1 (sin honestidad) dishonest2 (inmoral) immodest, indecent* * *ADJ1) (=no honrado) dishonest2) (=indecente) indecentproposición 1)* * *- ta adjetivoa) (tramposo, mentiroso) dishonestb) ( indecente) < proposiciones> improper, indecent; abuso* * *= unscrupulous, dishonest, corrupt, crooked, shifty, indecent, lewd [lewder -comp., lewdest -sup.].Ex. He had always anathematized those who took unscrupulous advantage of their positions, and those who succumbed to their insolent methods.Ex. Mostly facsimiles are made without dishonest intent, although some have certainly been intended to deceive, and the ease with which they can be identified varies with the reproduction process used.Ex. Unrestricted access to the Internet for input is promoting not just the banal but the postively corrupt.Ex. The article has the title 'Piracy, crooked printers, inflation bedevil Russian publishing'.Ex. 'Client' has overtones of shifty lawyers and overpaid realtors.Ex. The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral o indecente.Ex. The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral indecente.----* de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.* de un modo deshonesto = dishonestly.* * *- ta adjetivoa) (tramposo, mentiroso) dishonestb) ( indecente) < proposiciones> improper, indecent; abuso* * *= unscrupulous, dishonest, corrupt, crooked, shifty, indecent, lewd [lewder -comp., lewdest -sup.].Ex: He had always anathematized those who took unscrupulous advantage of their positions, and those who succumbed to their insolent methods.
Ex: Mostly facsimiles are made without dishonest intent, although some have certainly been intended to deceive, and the ease with which they can be identified varies with the reproduction process used.Ex: Unrestricted access to the Internet for input is promoting not just the banal but the postively corrupt.Ex: The article has the title 'Piracy, crooked printers, inflation bedevil Russian publishing'.Ex: 'Client' has overtones of shifty lawyers and overpaid realtors.Ex: The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral o indecente.Ex: The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral indecente.* de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.* de un modo deshonesto = dishonestly.* * *deshonesto -ta1 (tramposo, mentiroso) dishonest* * *
deshonesto◊ -ta adjetivo
deshonesto,-a adjetivo
1 (no honrado) dishonest
2 (no pudoroso) indecent, improper
' deshonesto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
deshonesta
- sucia
- sucio
- chueco
English:
bent
- corrupt
- crooked
- dishonest
- improper
* * *deshonesto, -a adj1. [sin honradez] dishonest2. [sin pudor] indecent, immoral* * *adj dishonest* * *deshonesto, -ta adj: dishonest* * *deshonesto adj dishonest -
13 остаточная стоимость
1) General subject: earring value, depreciable value2) Economy: depleted cost (разрабатываемых месторождений полезных ископаемых и лесных угодий), depreciated cost (стоимость основного капитала минус начисленный износ), net depreciated value, recoverable cost, remaining value, unrecovered cost3) Accounting: depreciated book value, net book value, residual value (арендованного имущества в конце срока аренды), written down value, written-off value (арендованного имущества в конце срока аренды)4) Finances: terminal value, net asset value5) Insurance: amortised value6) Automobile industry: depreciation value, salvage value (напр. изношенного автомобиля, сдаваемого в лом), second-hand value7) Banking: residual value, salvage value8) Taxes: carrying value9) Business: reproduction new cost, residual cost10) Management: value residual11) EBRD: book price, book value, depreciated cost, written-down value (WDV)12) Makarov: depreciable13) SAP.fin. remaining book valueУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > остаточная стоимость
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14 Abzug
Abzug m 1. BÖRSE withholding, discount, dis, disc.; 2. FIN withdrawal (Kapital); 3. GEN, VERSICH deduction; allowance; 4. STEUER deduction (vom Gehalt); relief; 5. V&M allowance; 6. WIWI outflow, efflux (ZB); 7. MEDIA copy, print, proof sheet • in Abzug bringen FIN deduct • nach Abzug von Steuern RW, STEUER on an after-tax basis* * *m 1. < Börse> withholding, discount (dis, disc.) ; 2. < Finanz> Kapital withdrawal; 3. <Geschäft, Versich> deduction; 4. < Steuer> Gehalt deduction, relief; 5. <V&M> allowance; 6. <Vw> ZB outflow, efflux ■ in Abzug bringen < Finanz> deduct ■ nach Abzug < Geschäft> less ■ nach Abzug von Steuern <Rechnung, Steuer> after-tax basis ■ vor Abzug der Steuern <Rechnung, Steuer> before tax, pre-tax* * *Abzug
(drucktechn.) print, reproduction, (Einbehaltung) deduction, off-reckoning, off-take, (Fotokopie) photoprint, copy, (Nachlass) allowance, discount, abatement, rebate[ment], reduction, (Subtraktion) subtraction;
• bar ohne Abzug net (spot) cash, cash without discount;
• nach Abzug der Einkommensteuer clear of income tax;
• nach Abzug der Schulden clear after debts paid;
• nach Abzug des Skontos less (allowing for) discount;
• nach Abzug aller Spesen all deductions made;
• nach Abzug Ihrer Spesen after deducting your charges;
• nach Abzug der Steuern tax deducted;
• nach (unter) Abzug der Zinsen less interest accrued;
• ohne Abzug clear, without deduction;
• bar ohne Abzug net (spot) cash, cash without discount;
• Kassa ohne Abzug terms net cash;
• ohne Abzug anteiliger Erbschaftssteuern free from legacy duty respectively;
• unter Abzug von deducting, subject to deduction of, withholding;
• unter Abzug Ihrer Provision deducting your commission;
• gleichmäßiger Abzug uniform deduction;
• hektographierter Abzug manifold;
• unkorrigierter Abzug foul proof;
• 3% Abzug bei Barzahlung 3% discount for cash;
• Abzug von Betriebsausgaben deduction from gross income;
• Abzug für Bruchwaren breakage;
• Abzug vom steuerpflichtigen Einkommen deduction from taxable income, income-tax relief (Br.);
• Abzug von Geldbeträgen withdrawal of funds;
• Abzug für Geschäftsauslagen (Kosten) allowance for expenses;
• Abzug privater Industriebeteiligungen withdrawal of private investments in industry;
• Abzug auf Kunstdruckpapier art pull, glossary print;
• Abzug für Lebensversicherungsprämien (Einkommensteuer) life insurance relief (Br.);
• Abzug an der Quelle (Steuer) deduction (withholding) at the source;
• in Abzug bringen to deduct, to make deductions, to allow a discount;
• für Kosten in Abzug bringen to allow for costs;
• 10% vom Lohn in Abzug bringen to stop 10% from wages;
• Zinsen in Abzug bringen to make deduction of interest;
• Abzug gewähren to make a reduction, to grant a rebate[ment], to [allow a] discount;
• in Abzug kommen to be deducted;
• Abzug machen (Druckerei) to pull off a proof, (Foto) to take a print from a negative, to copy;
• Abzug vornehmen to discount;
• Abzug von 4% vornehmen to strike off 4 per cent;
• Preise verstehen sich ohne Abzug terms strictly cash. -
15 Sutton, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1819 Englandd. 1875 Jersey, Channel Islands[br]English photographer and writer on photography.[br]In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.JW / BC -
16 Teilreproduktionswert
Teil·re·pro·duk·ti·ons·wertm FIN reproduction [or net asset] value -
17 costo
"cost;Aufwand;custo"* * *m costcosto della vita cost of livingcosti pl di produzione production costsa costo di perdere even if it means losingad ogni costo at all costs* * *costo s.m. cost; ( prezzo) price; ( spesa) expense: il costo del pane, dei libri, the cost of bread, of books; non parte perché non può affrontare il costo del viaggio, he's not leaving because he can't afford the cost of the trip; il costo della vita sale, the cost of living is rising // (comm., econ.): sotto costo, below cost; comprare, vendere sotto costo, to buy, to sell below cost; a basso costo, at low cost; a prezzo di costo, at cost price; costo addizionale, extra cost (o on cost); costo base, basic cost; costo complessivo, all-in (o total) cost; costo corrente, effettivo, actual cost; costo fisso, fixed charge; costo industriale, production cost; costo marginale, marginal (o incremental) cost; costo netto, net cost (o factor cost); costo operativo, operational cost; costo originario, original cost; costo preventivo, budgeted cost; costo primo ( delle materie prime e della manodopera), flat cost (o prime cost o first cost); costo reale, real (o historical) cost; costo sociale, social cost; costo unitario, unit cost; costo variabile, variable cost; costo vivo, outlay (o out-of-pocket) cost; costo del denaro, cost of money; costo del lavoro, della manodopera, labour cost (o cost of labour); costo d'affitto, rental cost; costo del trasporto, haulage, cost of transport, freight, freightage; costo di avviamento, setting up (o starting-load) cost; costo di distribuzione, distribution cost; costo di fabbricazione, manufacturing cost; costo di mercato, cost of market (o market cost); costo di noleggio (di nave ecc.), freight; costo di produzione, cost of production (o production cost), prime cost (o first cost o factory cost); costo di rinnovo, renewal; costo di riproduzione, reproduction cost; costo di trasporti via acqua, waterage; costo e nolo, cost and freight (abbr. c.a.f.); costo assicurazione e nolo, cost insurance, freight (abbr. c.i.f.); costo assicurazione, nolo e cambio, cost insurance; freight and exchange (abbr. c.i.f.e.) // costi crescenti, mounting (o increasing) costs; costi d'amministrazione, administrative costs; costi salariali, wage costs; costi di esercizio, running cost (s), operating charges, operating expenses; costi di pubblicità, advertising costs; costi generali, overhead costs (o overheads); costi previsti, estimated costs; riduzione dei costi, cost reduction; determinazione dei costi, costing.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: a nessun costo, on no account (o in no case); a nessun costo era disposto a rivederla, he did not on any account want to see her again // ad ogni costo, at all costs (o at any rate): l'ha voluto sapere a ogni costo nonostante fosse un segreto, he wanted at all costs to find out, even though it was a secret // a costo di, at the cost of (o even if): voglio passare quell'esame a costo di studiare tutta la notte, I want to pass the exam even if I have to study all night; a costo di perdere tutto, even if I should lose everything // ha pagato un alto costo per raggiungere il suo scopo, he paid a high price to achieve his end.* * *['kɔsto]1. sm(anche), fig costa ogni o qualunque costo; a tutti i costi — at all costs
l'ha voluto portare a tutti i costi — he was determined to bring it, no matter what
non vuol cedere a nessun costo — there's no way he'll give in, he won't give in no matter what
2.* * *['kɔsto]sostantivo maschile1) (prezzo) cost, price; (per un servizio) fee, charge; (spesa) cost, expensea prezzo di costo — [ vendere] at cost (price)
a basso costo — [vendere, comprare] on the cheap; [film, produzione] low-budget, low-cost
sotto costo — [vendere, comprare] below cost, under price
2) a costo ditroverò la chiave, a costo di dover mettere sottosopra tutta la casa! — I'll find the key, I don't care if o even if I have to pull the house apart!
•••a qualunque o ogni costo, a tutti i -i at all costs, at any cost o price; a nessun costo — on no account, by no means
* * *costo/'kɔsto/sostantivo m.1 (prezzo) cost, price; (per un servizio) fee, charge; (spesa) cost, expense; a prezzo di costo [ vendere] at cost (price); a basso costo [vendere, comprare] on the cheap; [film, produzione] low-budget, low-cost; sotto costo [vendere, comprare] below cost, under price2 a costo di a costo della propria vita at the cost of one's (own) life; troverò la chiave, a costo di dover mettere sottosopra tutta la casa! I'll find the key, I don't care if o even if I have to pull the house apart!a qualunque o ogni costo, a tutti i -i at all costs, at any cost o price; a nessun costo on no account, by no means\costo del denaro cost of money; costo del lavoro labour costs; costo di produzione production cost; costo della vita cost of living.
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